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Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound will evaporate. It is a special type of distillation. Generally the component parts boil at less than 25 °C from each other under a pressure of one atmosphere (atm). If the difference in boiling points is greater than 25 °C, a simple distillation is used.
Apparatus
Fractional distillation apparatus using a Liebig condenser. A conical flask is used as a receiving flask. Here the distillation head and fractionating column are combined in one piece.[1]heat source, such as a hot plate with a bath, and ideally with a magnetic stirrer.
distilling flask, typically a round-bottom flask
receiving flask, often also a round-bottom flask
fractionating column
distillation head
thermometer and adapter if needed
condenser, such as a Liebig condenser, Graham condenser or Allihn condenser
vacuum adapter (not used in image to the right)
boiling chips, also known as anti-bumping granules
Standard laboratory glassware with ground glass joints, e.g. quickfit apparatus.
Apparatus
Fractional distillation apparatus using a Liebig condenser. A conical flask is used as a receiving flask. Here the distillation head and fractionating column are combined in one piece.[1]heat source, such as a hot plate with a bath, and ideally with a magnetic stirrer.
distilling flask, typically a round-bottom flask
receiving flask, often also a round-bottom flask
fractionating column
distillation head
thermometer and adapter if needed
condenser, such as a Liebig condenser, Graham condenser or Allihn condenser
vacuum adapter (not used in image to the right)
boiling chips, also known as anti-bumping granules
Standard laboratory glassware with ground glass joints, e.g. quickfit apparatus.